光伏車棚作為新型基礎設施，正逐步改變城市停車場的傳統形態。這種將太陽能發電與車輛停放功能相結合的建筑形式，通過在鋼結構支架上鋪設光伏組件，構建出具備遮陽、擋雨、發電多重功能的復合空間。其核心價值不僅體現在對土地資源的立體化利用，更在于為電動汽車、電動自行車等新能源交通工具提供綠色電力支持。

　　As a new type of infrastructure, photovoltaic carports are gradually changing the traditional form of urban parking lots. This building form, which combines solar power generation with vehicle parking function, constructs a composite space with multiple functions of sun shading, rain blocking, and power generation by laying photovoltaic modules on steel structure supports. Its core value is not only reflected in the three-dimensional utilization of land resources, but also in providing green power support for new energy transportation vehicles such as electric vehicles and electric bicycles.

　　光伏車棚的發電效能取決于組件選型與布局優化。單晶硅電池板因轉換效率高、衰減率低，成為主流配置方案。在典型設計中，車棚頂面采用傾斜角安裝，角度設定需兼顧發電量與排水需求，通常取當地緯度加減10°范圍。組件間距經過精密計算，確保冬季最小間距不遮擋后排采光，夏季最大間距實現通風散熱。部分項目采用雙玻組件，利用上下表面同時發電，將單位面積發電量提升15%-20%。

　　The power generation efficiency of photovoltaic carports depends on component selection and layout optimization. Monocrystalline silicon solar panels have become the mainstream configuration solution due to their high conversion efficiency and low attenuation rate. In typical designs, the roof of the carport is installed at an inclined angle that takes into account both power generation and drainage needs. The angle is usually set within a range of plus or minus 10 degrees of local latitude. The spacing between components is precisely calculated to ensure that the minimum spacing in winter does not obstruct the rear lighting, and the maximum spacing in summer achieves ventilation and heat dissipation. Some projects use double glass components to generate electricity simultaneously on the upper and lower surfaces, increasing the power generation per unit area by 15% -20%.

　　電氣系統設計是保障穩定運行的關鍵。直流匯流箱將各光伏組串電流匯總后，通過逆變器轉換為交流電。對于大型車棚群，采用組串式逆變器方案可實現每路MPPT獨立跟蹤，提升發電量5%以上。電能輸出端配置防雷模塊與電涌保護器，確保系統耐受直擊雷與感應雷沖擊。在并網模式下，余電可自動上傳至電網；離網系統則配置儲能電池，滿足夜間或陰雨天用電需求。

　　Electrical system design is the key to ensuring stable operation. The DC combiner box summarizes the current of each photovoltaic string and converts it into AC power through an inverter. For large carport groups, adopting a string inverter scheme can achieve independent tracking of each MPPT and increase power generation by more than 5%. The power output end is equipped with lightning protection modules and surge protectors to ensure that the system can withstand direct lightning strikes and induced lightning impacts. In grid connected mode, surplus electricity can be automatically uploaded to the grid; Off grid systems are equipped with energy storage batteries to meet the electricity demand during nighttime or rainy days.

　　結構安全性需通過多維度驗證。主體鋼結構需滿足抗風壓、抗雪載、抗震等規范要求，基礎錨栓抗拔力不低于設計值的1.5倍。光伏組件與支架連接采用專用壓塊，配合不銹鋼螺栓固定，確保25年使用周期內無松動。對于沿海高鹽霧區域，鋼結構表面需進行熱鍍鋅處理，鍍層厚度不低于80μm，連接件選用316L不銹鋼材質，提升耐腐蝕性能。

　　The structural safety needs to be verified through multidimensional verification. The main steel structure shall meet the requirements of wind pressure resistance, snow load resistance, earthquake resistance and other specifications, and the pull-out resistance of the foundation anchor bolts shall not be less than 1.5 times the design value. The connection between the photovoltaic module and the bracket adopts a dedicated pressure block, which is fixed with stainless steel bolts to ensure that there is no looseness during the 25 year service life. For high salt spray areas along the coast, the surface of steel structures needs to be hot-dip galvanized with a coating thickness of not less than 80 μ m. The connectors are made of 316L stainless steel material to improve corrosion resistance.

　　智能監控系統賦予車棚運維新模式。通過環境監測儀實時采集輻照度、溫濕度、風速等數據，結合發電量曲線分析，可快速定位故障組件。視頻監控系統集成車牌識別功能，實現停車管理與安防監控的聯動。部分項目部署無線充電模塊，電動汽車停放期間即可自動補電，形成“光儲充放”一體化微網。

　　The intelligent monitoring system endows carport operation and maintenance with a new mode. Real time collection of irradiance, temperature and humidity, wind speed and other data through environmental monitoring instruments, combined with analysis of power generation curves, can quickly locate faulty components. The video surveillance system integrates license plate recognition function to achieve linkage between parking management and security monitoring. Some projects deploy wireless charging modules, which can automatically recharge electric vehicles during parking, forming an integrated microgrid of "light storage charging and discharging".

　　在應用場景拓展方面，光伏車棚正突破傳統停車場邊界。與建筑一體化設計的BIPV車棚，其屋面光伏組件同時作為建筑圍護結構，實現功能與美學的統一。農業園區采用透光型光伏組件，在發電同時滿足下方植物生長光照需求。高速公路服務區建設光伏車棚群，形成分布式發電網絡，為充電樁、照明、服務設施提供清潔電力。

　　In terms of expanding application scenarios, photovoltaic carports are breaking through the boundaries of traditional parking lots. The BIPV carport integrated with the building design, with its roof photovoltaic modules serving as the building envelope structure, achieves the unity of function and aesthetics. The agricultural park adopts transparent photovoltaic modules to generate electricity while meeting the light requirements for plant growth below. Construct a photovoltaic carport group in the highway service area to form a distributed power generation network, providing clean electricity for charging piles, lighting, and service facilities.

　　光伏車棚的經濟性評估需考量全生命周期成本。雖然初期投資較傳統車棚高出30%-50%，但通過發電收益、碳交易收入、政府補貼等多渠道回報，項目內部收益率可達8%-12%。在土地資源緊缺的一二線城市，光伏車棚的復合利用模式可提升土地價值，創造額外經濟收益。

　　The economic evaluation of photovoltaic carports needs to consider the full lifecycle cost. Although the initial investment is 30% -50% higher than traditional carports, the internal rate of return of the project can reach 8% -12% through multiple channels such as power generation revenue, carbon trading revenue, and government subsidies. In first and second tier cities with scarce land resources, the composite utilization mode of photovoltaic carports can enhance land value and create additional economic benefits.

　　光伏車棚作為綠色基礎設施的典型代表，通過技術創新與模式融合，正從單一功能設施向智慧能源節點演進。其發展不僅契合“雙碳”目標下的能源轉型需求，更為城市可持續發展提供了可復制的解決方案。隨著技術進步與成本下降，光伏車棚有望成為未來停車場的標準配置，推動交通領域與能源領域的深度協同。

　　As a typical representative of green infrastructure, photovoltaic carports are evolving from single functional facilities to smart energy nodes through technological innovation and mode integration. Its development not only meets the energy transformation needs under the "dual carbon" goal, but also provides replicable solutions for urban sustainable development. With technological advancements and cost reductions, photovoltaic carports are expected to become a standard configuration for future parking lots, promoting deep collaboration between the transportation and energy sectors.

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