Distributed photovoltaic power generation currently faces both opportunities and challenges, with the determination of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals injecting vitality into the renewable energy market mainly reflected in the development of photovoltaic and wind power, which creates great market opportunities for the development of photovoltaic. The country's support and supportive policies for new energy have promoted the positive and healthy growth of the industry.

一 . 分布式光伏發展機遇

I Opportunities for distributed photovoltaic development

近年來，出臺了一系列政策，優先支持分布式光伏發電發展，重點支持分布式光伏發電分散接入低壓配電網并就近消納，整縣推進等大力推進分布式光伏發電的政策，鼓勵結合荒山地和沿海灘涂綜合利用、采煤沉陷區等廢棄土地治理、設施農業、漁業養殖等方式。因地制宜開展各類“光伏+”應用工程。

In recent years, the country has issued a series of policies, giving priority to supporting the development of distributed photovoltaic power generation, focusing on supporting distributed photovoltaic power generation to be connected to low-voltage distribution networks and consumed nearby, promoting the whole county and other policies to vigorously promote distributed photovoltaic power generation, and encouraging the combination of comprehensive utilization of barren hills and coastal mudflat, coal mining subsidence areas and other waste land treatment, facility agriculture, fishery and aquaculture. Carry out various "photovoltaic+" application projects according to local conditions.

其次是光伏技術的發展使光伏相關產品價格大幅度下降，建設成本的下降和清潔電力的經濟效益刺激了投資的熱情。大部分地區的年投資回報率高于10%。

Secondly, the development of photovoltaic technology has led to a significant decrease in the prices of photovoltaic related products. The decrease in construction costs and the economic benefits of clean electricity have stimulated investment enthusiasm. The annual return on investment in most regions is above 10%.

第三是人們對光伏發電技術的廣泛認知和接受，近年來光伏發電的廣泛應用和光伏扶貧的開展，光伏發電已經廣為人知，技術成熟、商業化程度高，運維簡單，光伏發電已經逐步成為投資的熱點。

The third is the widespread recognition and acceptance of photovoltaic power generation technology. In recent years, the widespread application of photovoltaic power generation and the development of photovoltaic poverty alleviation have made photovoltaic power generation widely known, with mature technology, high commercialization level, simple operation and maintenance. Photovoltaic power generation has gradually become a hot investment topic.

第四是分布式光伏建設規模相對較小，機動性好，可充分利用閑置的廠房、商業建筑等屋頂資源，集約利用農業設施等資源安裝光伏發電，就近消納，減少因遠距離輸電造成的電能損耗，基本沒有棄光限電的問題。

The fourth is that the scale of distributed photovoltaic construction is relatively small, with good mobility. It can fully utilize idle rooftop resources such as factory buildings and commercial buildings, and intensively utilize resources such as agricultural facilities to install photovoltaic power generation, which can be consumed nearby and reduce energy loss caused by long-distance transmission. There is basically no problem of abandoning light and limiting electricity.

二 . 分布式光伏的挑戰

II The Challenge of Distributed Photovoltaics

投資光伏發電也存在很多挑戰和風險，是政策補貼逐年減少，對于輻射資源比較差的地區，投資建設光伏發電站存在經濟效益低甚至無法收回投資的風險，光伏發電行業對政策依賴性較高，企業主要依靠補貼實現盈利。

There are also many challenges and risks in investing in photovoltaic power generation. Firstly, policy subsidies are decreasing year by year. For areas with poor radiation resources, there is a risk of low economic benefits or even inability to recoup investment in the construction of photovoltaic power stations. The photovoltaic power generation industry is highly dependent on policies, and enterprises mainly rely on subsidies to achieve profits.

其次，光伏產業及產品降價空間縮小，多晶硅、硅片、玻璃等材料甚至有漲價的勢頭，行業競爭激烈，企業經營壓力較大。

Secondly, the space for price reduction in the photovoltaic industry and products has narrowed, and materials such as polycrystalline silicon, silicon wafers, and glass are even showing a trend of price increase. The industry competition is fierce, and the pressure on enterprise management is high.

第三是東部發電地區的光伏建設可利用場地成為稀缺資源，場地或屋頂的缺乏導致場地或屋頂的租賃價格上漲，進而造成電站投資成本增加，進一步加劇了光伏發電在的投資和回收的矛盾和風險。

The third is that the photovoltaic construction sites in the eastern power generation area have become scarce resources. The lack of sites or roofs has led to an increase in the rental prices of sites or roofs, which in turn has led to an increase in the investment cost of power stations, further exacerbating the contradiction and risk of investment and recovery in photovoltaic power generation.

光伏發電的另一個挑戰是從業人員特別是技術人員的稀缺，隨著光伏發電產業的大發展，需要大量具備光伏發電建設技能和較為豐富經驗的人才。目前，該行業不僅缺乏大量設計、建設人才，同時也缺乏的運維、管理人才， 要健全生產運維和管理隊伍建設，積極開展對經營戶用光伏、光伏扶貧等電站的運維人員的技術培訓，確保運維人員持證上崗，保證已經建成的光伏電站能夠正常運行。

Another challenge of photovoltaic power generation is the scarcity of practitioners, especially professional and technical personnel. With the rapid development of the photovoltaic power generation industry, a large number of professional talents with photovoltaic power generation construction skills and relatively rich experience are needed. At present, the industry not only lacks a large number of design and construction talents, but also professional operation, maintenance, and management talents. It is necessary to improve the construction of production, operation, and management teams, actively carry out technical training for operation and maintenance personnel of household photovoltaic, photovoltaic poverty alleviation, and other power stations, ensure that operation and maintenance personnel hold certificates to work, and ensure that the completed photovoltaic power stations can operate normally.

三 . 光伏電站建設和運行中的風險

III Risks in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power plants

光伏發電站的建設和運行過程中還存在有很多風險。光伏發電站在整個生命周期面對的主要風險有：

There are still many risks in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power stations. The main risks faced by photovoltaic power plants throughout their entire lifecycle are:

01 場地風險

01 Site Risk

分布式光伏電站的建設場地比較復雜，通常有荒地、廢礦沉降區場地、建筑屋頂、水面等。廢礦區建設場地的下沉、建筑屋頂的荷載等風險都需要在投資建設時進行了解和在項目前期有效規避。

The construction site of distributed photovoltaic power stations is relatively complex, usually including wasteland, abandoned mine settlement areas, building roofs, water surfaces, etc. The subsidence of the construction site in the waste mining area, the load on the building roof, and other risks need to be understood during investment and effectively avoided in the early stages of the project.

02 場地產權風險

02 Property Rights Risks of the Site

分布式光伏有很多是采用場地租賃或通過合作等方式建設的，不能辦理產權證，在長達20多年的運營周期內，建設場地或建筑屋頂的歸屬權變化都會產生產權或使用權持久性等企業信用風險，易產生糾紛。特別是房主、廠房租賃戶一旦發生變化，其屋頂租賃、所發電力的消納等情況都有可能發生較大的變化，對于自發自用或自發自用、余電上網的電站產生消納和并網接入風險等。

Many distributed photovoltaics are built through site leasing or cooperation, and cannot obtain property rights certificates. During the operation period of over 20 years, changes in the ownership of the construction site or building roof will result in corporate credit risks such as the persistence of property rights or usage rights, which can easily lead to disputes. Especially if homeowners and factory tenants change, there may be significant changes in their roof leasing, electricity consumption, and other situations, which may pose risks to the consumption and grid connection of power stations that are self used or self used, or have surplus electricity connected to the grid.

03 電網結構變化帶來的并網風險

03 Grid connection risks brought about by changes in grid structure

由于目前我國發電主體是以煤熱電為主，慣性大，與光伏、風電調峰、調度的響應速度慢。同時，隨著大量工商業屋頂電站，居民戶分布式光伏發電的建設并大量接入用戶側電網，會對用戶側電網產生電網電壓偏高、波動增加、光伏逆變器應過壓跳閘導致無法正常發電和用戶電器損壞等風險。因此，如何把握可再生能源并網風險，將成為電網需要研究的重要課題。

Due to the current dominance of coal thermal power generation in China, which has a large inertia, the response speed to photovoltaic, wind power peak shaving, and scheduling is slow. At the same time, with the construction of a large number of industrial and commercial rooftop power plants, distributed photovoltaic power generation for residential households, and a large number of connections to the user side power grid, there will be risks such as high grid voltage, increased fluctuations, overvoltage tripping of photovoltaic inverters, and inability to generate electricity normally, as well as damage to user electrical appliances. Therefore, how to grasp the risks of renewable energy grid connection will become an important topic that the power grid needs to study.

04 電價風險

04 Electricity Price Risk

隨著可再生能源發電的發展，電價波動或降價的風險也是存在的，盡管電價降價的風險比較小，但是這種風險始終存在。

With the development of renewable energy generation, there is also a risk of price fluctuations or price reductions. Although the risk of price reductions is relatively small, this risk always exists.

05 電站設備質量和壽命風險

05 Power Station Equipment Quality and Life Risk

盡管光伏發電站的主要設備性能和壽命都能滿足20年以上的使用壽命但是一些組件和逆變器等設備依舊存在短時期損壞的問題，特別是一些個別廠家生產的設備有比較嚴重的質量問題，很難達到預期的使用壽命。

Although the main equipment performance and lifespan of photovoltaic power stations can meet a service life of more than 20 years, some components and inverters still suffer from short-term damage, especially some equipment produced by individual manufacturers with serious quality problems, making it difficult to achieve the expected service life.

06 自然災害風險

06 Natural Disaster Risk

光伏發電站投資較大，投資回報周期長，受到自然災害等不確定因素的干擾風險較大，光伏發電站的安全穩定和高效運行是確保投資回收的關鍵，光伏發電站安裝在曠野、屋頂等場所，使用環境相對惡劣，雷電、颶風、洪水、冰雹、雪災等等不可抗的自然災害都會給光伏發電帶來組件破損、支架傾倒等巨大的損壞。

Photovoltaic power stations have a large investment and a long investment return cycle, and are at high risk of interference from uncertain factors such as natural disasters. The safe, stable, and efficient operation of photovoltaic power stations is crucial to ensuring investment recovery. Photovoltaic power stations are installed in open fields, rooftops, and other places, and the operating environment is relatively harsh. Irresistible natural disasters such as lightning, hurricanes, floods, hail, and snow can cause component damage to photovoltaic power generation Massive damage such as bracket tilting.

07 運行事故風險

07 Risk of operational accidents

光伏發電站在運營中還有很多運營事故風險，盡管光伏發電站建成后，運維費用相對較少，但是它所面臨的風險依舊存在。熱斑、接頭接觸不良，輕則導致電路、設備損壞，嚴重的會導致嚴重的火災事故，造成重大的經濟損失。

There are still many operational accident risks in the operation of photovoltaic power stations. Although the operation and maintenance costs are relatively low after the completion of photovoltaic power stations, the risks they face still exist. Hot spots and poor contact of joints can cause damage to circuits and equipment, and in severe cases, can lead to serious fire accidents and significant economic losses.